Boletín de la Sociedad Zoológica del Uruguay, 2025
Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
ISSN 2393-6940
https://journal.szu.org.uy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26462/34.1.10
ABSTRACT
Uruguayan native forests are home to many species but
have been poorly studied. Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae)
(''coronilla'') is a common species found in hill and riparian
forests and is highly valued for its wood quality. Wood-
eating and phleophagous insects are very diverse and
some species are considered pests. Despite this, they
have not been studied much in Uruguayan forests. The
main objective of this work was to identify the insect
species that emerged from S. buxifolia logs in a hill forest.
In August 2023, logs of ''coronilla'' showing symptoms of
insect attacks were collected in a hill forest near
Tacuarembó city. They were conditioned in a laboratory in
200-liter tanks while awaiting the emergence of adult
insects. In October 2023, traps with attractants were
placed at the same site to capture the same species that
emerged from the logs. We collected 32 exemplars of five
native cerambycid species. Two of the five species of
interest were captured from the traps. Eurysthea hirta was
the most abundant (N=14), followed by Cotyclytus
curvatus (N=11) and Compsocerus violaceus (N=5). All
species were registered as a eucalypts host. Only E. hirta
was previously reported to develop in S. buxifolia.
Key-words: Xylophagous, Phleophagus, Native
forest, coronilla.
RESUMEN
Evaluación de la diversidad de Cerambycidae
(Coleoptera) y primer registro de cuatro especies
atacando árboles de Scutia buxifolia Reissek
(Rhamnaceae) en Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Los bosques
nativos uruguayos albergan una gran diversidad de
especies, aunque han sido poco estudiados. Scutia
buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) (''coronilla'') es una especie
frecuente en los bosques serranos y ribereños, cuya
madera es muy valorada. Los insectos xilófagos y
fleófagos son muy diversos, algunos son considerados
plagas. A pesar de ello, no han sido estudiados en nuestro
país. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue identificar las
especies de insectos que emergieron de troncos de S.
buxifolia de un bosque serrano. En agosto de 2023, se
recolectaron troncos de ''coronilla'' con síntomas de
ataques de insectos en un bosque serrano cerca de la
ciudad de Tacuarembó. Se acondicionaron en laboratorio
en tanques de 200 litros mientras se esperaba la
emergencia de adultos. En octubre de 2023, se colocaron
trampas con atrayentes en el mismo sitio para capturar las
especies que emergieron de las trozas. Recolectamos 32
ejemplares de cinco especies nativas de cerambícidos.
Dos de las cinco especies fueron capturadas en las
trampas. Eurysthea hirta fue la más abundante (N=14),
seguida de Cotyclytus curvatus (N=11) y Compsocerus
violaceus (N=5). Todas las especies fueron registradas
como hospedantes de eucaliptos. Solo E. hirta había sido
reportada como una especie asociada a S. buxifolia.
Palabras clave: Xylófagos, Fleófagos, Bosque nativo,
Coronilla.
INTRODUCTION
The native forest of Uruguay hosts a great diversity
of flora and fauna species and is widely distributed
across the country (Ross et al., 2018a; Brazeiro et al.,
2023; Brussa & Brussa, 2023). Six types of native
forests can be recognized and classified in Uruguay
based on their floristic composition and topographic
location (Brussa & Grela, 2007; MGAP, 2018).
Tacuarembó is the department with the largest area of
native forest in the country (DIEA-MGAP, 2023). Hill
and riparian forests have the greatest floristic diversity
and are more widely distributed throughout the country
(Brussa & Grela, 2007; Brazeiro et al., 2023). Hill
forests are more common on the country's eastern
Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2025. ISSN 2393-6940Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
ASSESSMENT OF THE CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA) DIVERSITY AND FIRST RECORD OF FOUR
SPECIES ATTACKING Scutia buxifolia REISSEK (RHAMNACEAE) TREES IN TACUAREMBÓ, URUGUAY
Lucía Pérez-Melo and Carolina Jorge*
Laboratorio de Manejo integrado de insectos forestales. Sede Tacuarembó, CENUR Noreste, Udelar. Ruta 5
Km 387. Tacuarembó, Uruguay. CP: 45000.
*Corresponding author: carolina.jorge@cut.edu.uy
Fecha de recepción: 28 de octubre de 2024
Fecha de aceptación: 06 de diciembre de 2024
.
2
PÉREZ-MELO & JORGE
coast, being more important in Lavalleja, Maldonado,
Tacuarembó (Toranza et al., 2020) and Rivera (Ross et
al., 2018) departments.
Scutia buxifolia Reissek (Rhamnaceae), commonly
known as "coronilla," is a low, corpulent tree native to
Uruguayan hills and riparian forests, also found in
Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay (Ross et al., 2018). It
grows up to 10 m tall, with persistent foliage, rough dark
bark, and thorns on the branches reaching 4 cm long
(Brussa & Grela, 2007; Geymonat & Lombardi, 2014).
Blooming in spring, its greenish-yellow flowers form
small inflorescences, and its fleshy, globose drupes
ripen to red or black in autumn (Ross et al., 2018).
Valued for its medicinal properties and high-quality
wood, the species faces conservation challenges due
to overexploitation and logging (Brussa & Grela, 2007;
Ross et al., 2018).
Trees can be affected by several species of insects,
fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, which weaken
and can cause death in severe attacks (Ciesla, 2011).
Insects are considered one of the main biotic factors
affecting tree species (Wingfield et al., 2008; Haack,
2017; Whitehill et al., 2023).
Xylophagous and phleophagous are two insect
guilds pests that can cause significant damage to the
trunk and branches of trees and shrub species (Ciesla,
2011). The difference is that the first attacks the wood
(sapwood and heartwood), and the latter attacks the
bark (Bentancourt & Scatoni, 2010). Both form
galleries when they feed on the wood or bark of their
host throughout the larval cycle. These galleries cause
mechanical resistance problems in trees and severe
attacks; they can also cause tree death (Ibáñez et al.,
2009; Ciesla, 2011).
Their attack causes stress and weakening,
affecting the growth and development of the trees
(Bonifacino et al., 2021). In some cases, they can
cause girdling in branches or trunks, causing their
death by cutting off the passage of nutrients (Ciesla,
2011). In addition, many of them are characterized by
vectoring fungi and nematodes, and living in symbiosis,
causing in the case of phytopathogenic species,
damage of greater importance (UAC, 2007; Haack,
2017). Within these groups, the Coleoptera families
Cerambycidae, Anobiidae, Bostrichidae, and
Curculionidae (subfamilies Scolytinae and
Platypodinae) stand out. Curculionidae (13%) and
Cerambycidae (8%) are two of the five beetle families
with the greatest species richness in the world
(Bouchard et al., 2017). Despite its importance, the
diversity of insects presents in native forests in
Uruguay, particularly the long-horned beetles
Cerambycidae), has been poorly studied.
Several species of long-horn beetles are
considered forest pests that attack health, decay, or
develop in dead trees, and some of their lumber and
wood products (Haack, 2017). Considering that native
Cerambycid species have been reported attacking
Eucalyptus spp. in Uruguay, it is important to study the
(
species of this family associated with native forests.
Therefore, the main objective of this work was to study
the diversity of xylophagous and phleophagous insects
in trunks and branches of S. buxifolia in a hill forest near
Tacuarembó city, Uruguay.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was conducted in a hill forest area
located in the "Cuchilla casa de Piedra" locality
approximately 43 km from Tacuarembó city
(31°30'53.31" S, 56°11'10.88" W) (Fig. 1). The whole
area has seven hectares, of which approximately five
hectares are of a hill forest. The map was created with
QGIS 3.28 Firenze (Fig. 1).
At this location, in August 2023, an inspection was
carried out in search of Scutia buxifolia trees with attack
symptoms (presence of sawdust, galleries, and adult
emergence holes) (Fig. 2). One individual was
selected, which had very severe attack symptoms (Fig.
2). S. buxifolia logs were cut and placed in closed bags
to prevent insect escape during transport from the field
to the laboratory. After emergence adult beetles were
identified and fixed with labeled data.
The logs were placed in 200-litre tanks closed with a
layer of voile held with elastic to allow air to pass
through and prevent the emerging insect escape (Fig. 3
A). The tanks were kept in a room with ambient
temperature and a 12:12 photoperiod. The samples
were checked weekly for almost three months, during
this time the emergence of insects was recorded. The
emerging specimens were placed in Falcon tubes with
70% alcohol for their conservation and later
identification. Bettles were classified primarily at the
family and morphospecies levels (grouped based on
their morphological similarity). For species-level,
identification keys of the Cerambycidae genera and
species were used. Due to the similarity between the
species of the genus Compsocerus among themselves
and with other genera of the tribe Compsocerini, the
original descriptions of Fabricius (1792), White (1853),
and Gounelle (1910) were revised.
To determine whether adults of the species that
emerged from the logs in the laboratory could be
captured in the forest, six flight interception traps were
placed in S. buxifolia trees. They were installed at the
end of October 2023. The traps consisted of two-liter
plastic bottles and plastic jars using 95% ethanol and
70% eucalyptus-scented alcohol as attractants and
70% ethanol as a preservant (Fig. 3 B). These were
active for 18 days. Captured insects were placed in 50
ml Falcon tubes with 70% alcohol for their
conservation. For identification, the same procedure
was followed for the specimens collected from the logs.
The sample conditioning and the identification of
the emerged and collected adults were carried out in
the Integrated Management Laboratory of Forest
Insects (LabMIIF), belonging to the Sede Tacuarembó,
Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2025. ISSN 2393-6940Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
3Assessment of the Cerambycidae diversity attacking Scutia buxifolia
CENUR Noreste, Udelar. The material collected was
deposited in the entomological collection of the
LabMIIF.
RESULTS
From the collected S. buxifolia logs in the field, 32
specimens emerged in the laboratory, all belonging to
the Cerambycidae family and subfamily Cerambycinae
Latreille, 1802. They were distributed in five species:
Chlorida costata (Audinet-Seville, 1834) (Fig. 4),
Chydarteres striatus (Fabricius, 1787) (Fig. 5),
Compsocerus violaceus (White, 1863) (Fig. 6),
Eurysthea hirta (Kirby, 1818) (Fig. 7) and Cotyclytus
curvatus (Germar, 1821) (Fig. 8). Eurysthea hirta was
the most abundant species with 14 individuals,
followed by C. curvatus (N = 11) and C. violaceus (N =
5). The species Chl. costata and Chy. striatus were
represented only by one exemplar.
Insects from various orders were captured in the
flight interception traps with ethanol as an attractant.
Within the interest species, Cot. curvatus (N= 4) was
captured in four of the six traps, and an exemplar of
Com. violaceus was captured in one of them.
Table 1 shows an updated list of trees and scrubs
registered hosts as the Cerambycid species found in
the present study (Table 1). All the cerambycid species
that emerged from S. buxifolia logs were previously
associated with attacks in Eucalyptus spp. Except for
E. hirta that was previously registered using S. buxifolia
host.
DISCUSSION
Native forests are home to many arthropods,
especially insects (Hébert, 2023). Knowing their
diversity and ecosystem function is important to
collaborate in their conservation (Nascimento et al.,
2017; Barros et al., 2020; Brazeiro et al., 2023) or to
knowledge of polyphagous species that eventually
may become pests on forest plantations.
All the species that emerged from the logs of S.
buxifolia belonged to the Cerambycidae family, being
registered as native species for Uruguay according to
Zajciw & Ruffinelli (1962). The longhorn beetles attack
symptoms are similar to each other, making it difficult to
associate them with a particular species. Because the
larvae make galleries inside the wood during feeding,
they cause mechanical resistance damage (Moné et
al., 2002). In turn, the emergency holes caused by
adults along the trunks could be an entry point for
pathogens and/or other phytophagous insects.
All cerambycid species found are polyphagous,
especially Com. violaceus and Chy. striatus, which can
develop in a great diversity of trees of native and exotic
species (Table 1) (Bentancourt & Scatoni, 1992;
Fig. 1. Localization of the study site is indicated by the black dot.
Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2025. ISSN 2393-6940Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
PÉREZ-MELO & JORGE 4
Fig. 2. A. Scutia buxifolia tree selected for this study, B. Emergency hole, C. Emergency hole, and sawdust. Photographs: L.
Pérez.
Fig. 3. A. 200-litre tanks with logs. B. Ethanol traps. Photographs: L. Pérez
Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2025. ISSN 2393-6940Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
5Assessment of the Cerambycidae diversity attacking Scutia buxifolia
Fig. 4. Chlorida costata A. side view B. dorsal view. Photographs: L. Pérez
Fig. 5. Chydarteres striatus A. side view B. dorsal view. Photographs: L. Pérez
Fig. 6. Compsocerus violaceus A. side view B. dorsal view. Photographs: L. Pérez
Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2025. ISSN 2393-6940Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
PÉREZ-MELO & JORGE
Bernardi et al., 2010; 2011; Di Iorio & Farina, 2009;
Alaniz et al., 2016). It is interesting to betray that, within
the native tree species, S. buxifolia has not been
reported as a host for these cerambycid species,
except for E. hirta (Morelli et al., 2006). That is the only
longhorn beetle species found in our study reported to
attack this tree species (Morelli et al., 2006). However,
for most of these species, very little is known about their
natural history, and only the data associated with their
original description are available.
According to Brazeiro (2023), the species
associated with native forests in Uruguay have been
poorly studied. Considering the scarcity of insect
species associated with native flora information, it is
important to continue with studies to increase
knowledge about the natural history of cerambycids. In
addition, all species that emerged from S. buxifolia logs
have been reported attacking Eucalyptus spp. (Monné
et al., 2002; Bernardi et al., 2010; Bernardi et al., 2011).
CONCLUSIONS
We were able to verify that when selecting the S.
buxifolia tree with symptoms of attack (sawdust,
emergence holes, among others), it presented species
of xylophagous and phleophagous insects developing
on it. The five species that emerged from the collected
6
Fig. 7. Eurysthea hirta A. side view B. dorsal view. Photographs: L. Pérez
Fig. 8. Cotyclytus curvatus A. side view B. dorsal view. Photographs: L. Pérez
Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2025. ISSN 2393-6940Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
7Assessment of the Cerambycidae diversity attacking Scutia buxifolia
Table 1. Cerambycid species list found in the present study and their reported tree hosts (Species and Family). * Indicates the first
record of the species for Scutia buxifolia.
Tribe Species Hosts References
Species Family
Bothriospilini Lane, 1950 Chlorida costata Eucalyptus spp. Myrtaceae Bernardi et al., 2010; 2011
Audinet-Serville, 1834
Colubrina rufa Rhamnaceae Costa-Lima, 1955
Scutia buxifolia*
Trachuderini Dupont, 1836 Chydarteres striatus Casuarina cunninghamiana Casuarinaceae Bentancourt & Scatoni, 1992
Fabricius, 1787
Acacia spp. Fabaceae Bernardi et al., 2010; 2011
Gleditsia triacanthos Di Iorio & Farina, 2009
Parkinsonia aculeata Alaniz et al., 2016
Carya illinoiensis Juglandaceae
Eucalyptus spp. Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus
Ficus spp. Moraceae
Morus nigra
Scutia buxifolia* Rhamnaceae
Malus domestica Rosaceae
Prunus communis
Prunus domestica
Prunus perisca
Salix spp. Salicaceae
Compsocerini Thomson, 1864 Compsocerus violaceus Schinopsis balansae Anacardiaceae Bentancourt & Scatoni, 1992
White, 1853
Schinus molle Bernardi et al., 2010; 2011
Celtis tala Cannabaceae Di Iorio & Farina, 2009
Celtis australis Alaniz et al., 2016
Euonymus japonicus Celastraceae
Acacia spp. Fabaceae
Albizia julibrissin
Anadenanthera colubrina
Bauhinia forficata
Calliandra tweedii
Cercis siliquastrum
Enterolobium contortisiliquum
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PÉREZ-MELO & JORGE
Table 1. Cont.
Tribe Species Hosts References
Species Family
Compsocerini Thomson, 1864 Compsocerus violaceus Gleditsia triacanthos Fabaceae
White, 1853
Mimosa polycarpa
Parkinsonia aculeata
Prosopis spp.
Robinia pseudoacacia
Wisteria sinensis
Quercus spp. Fagaceae
Carya illinoiensis
Castanea sativa
Juglans regia Juglandaceae
Laurus robilis Laureaceae
Persea americana
Punica granatum Lythraceae
Eucalyptus spp. Myrtaceae
Broussonetia papyrifera Moraceae
Ficus spp.
Maclura pomífera
Morus alba
Morus nigra
Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae
Passiflora caeruela Passifloraceae
Pinus spp. Pinaceae
Scutia buxifolia* Rhamnaceae
Mesplius germánica
Prunus spp. Rosaceae
Rosa spp.
Citrus spp. Rutaceae
Salix spp. Salicaceae
Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae
Urvillea spp.
Ulmus spp. Ulmaceae
Elaphidiini Eurysthea hirta ex Parasenegalia visco Fabaceae Bernardi et al., 2010;
Thomson, 1864 Paramallocera hirta 2011;
Kirby, 1818 Monné et al., 2002;
Morelli et al., 2006;
Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2ª época). 2025. ISSN 2393-6940Vol. 34 (1): e34.1.10
logs were from Cerambycidae, which is one of the main
families of insects that feed on the bark and wood of
trees. Eurysthea hirta and Cotyclytus curvatus were
the most abundant species observed emerging from
the logs and the latest in the ethanol traps. In addition,
all these species of Cerambycids have been
associated with Eucalyptus spp. With the increase in
the forested area in our country with this genus, it is vital
to monitor Cerambycidae species, especially in those
commercial plantations located near the native forests
or fruit tree plantations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Mariela Umpierrez and Hugo Viscardi, owners
of the property where the study site was carried out.
We also thank the laboratory colleagues Angel
Duarte and Lucio Arbiza, who helped us with the field
and laboratory activities.
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Anita Aisenberg, Macarena González,
Carolina Rojas-Buffet
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