ESTRATEGIA REPRODUCTIVA DEL CANGREJO SIRÍ Callinectes sapidus RATHBUN, 1896 (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA, PORTUNIDAE), EN LA LAGUNA DE ROCHA, URUGUAY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26462/34.1.13Palabras clave:
Callinectes, Decapoda, reproducción, Laguna de RochaResumen
Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 se captura artesanalmente en el sistema de lagunas costeras desde Uruguay hasta Brasil. Para analizar su estrategia reproductiva se extrajeron 422 individuos de la Laguna de Rocha (34°33´S, 54°22´W), que fueron sexados, medidos y diseccionados. Las tallas medias (ACm) difirieron significativamente entre las estaciones del año (H= 66,37; p<<0,05). Los cangrejos de mayor tamaño ocurrieron en invierno decreciendo su tamaño hacia la primavera. La proporción sexual (M:H) difirió significativamente de 1:1 y mostró una variabilidad significativa entre las estaciones del año (F3,372=1658,37; p<<0,01). Se identificaron cuatro categorías de desarrollo ovárico: inmaduros, previtelogénicos, maduros y en reabsorción. Las ACm de hembras con ovarios inmaduros y maduros difirieron significativamente (H= 41,17; p<0,05). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las AC m de hembras ovígeras con huevos en distintos estadios de desarrollo (F2,60=0,088; p=0,91). Las tallas de primera madurez (L50%) fisiológica y morfológica no mostraron diferencias significativas dentro de un mismo sexo (hembras: K-S: D=0,06, p=0,76; machos: K-S: D=0,04, p=0,99). Pero, por el contrario, fueron significativamente diferentes entre sexos (morfológica K-S: D=0,62, p<<0,05 y gonadal K-S: D=0,64, p<<0,05). Por su importancia a nivel regional y local, como recurso pesquero y ecosistémico se sugiere intensificar estudios de la población de este crustáceo.
Descargas
Citas
Abbe, G. (2002). Decline in size of male blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) from 1968 to 2000 near Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Estuaries, 25(1), 105-114.
Aguilar, R., Hines, A.H., Wolcott,T.G., Wolcott, D.G., Kramer, M.A., & Lipcius, R.N. (2005). The timing and route of movement and migration of postcopulatory female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, from the upper Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 319, 117-128.
Atrill, M.J., & Hartnoll, R.G. (1991). Aspects of biology of the deep-sea crab Geryon tripsinosus from the Porcupine Sea Bight. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 71, 311-328.
Baisre, J.A. (2004). La pesca maritime en Cuba. Científico Técnica, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba, pp. 1-372.
Baptista-Metri, C., Pinheiro, M.A.A., Blankensteyn, A., & Borzone, C.A. (2005). Biologia populational e reproductiva de Callinectes danae Smith (Crustacea, Portunidae) no Balneário Shangrilá, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 22(2), 446-453.
Barreto, A.V., Batista-Leite, L.M.A., & Aguiar, M.CA. (2006). Maturidade sexual das Callinectes danae (Crustacea, Decapada, Portunidae) nos estuários dos rios Botafogo e Carrapicho, Itamaracá, PE, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoología, Porto Alegre, 96(2), 141-146.
Barutot, R.A., Vieira, R.R.R., & Rieger, P.J. (2001). Desenvolvimiento juvenil de Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae), em laboratório, a partir de megalopas coletadas no plâncton. Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, 14(1), 23-42.
Bauer, L.J., & Miller, T.J. (2010). Spatial and interannual variability in winter mortality of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries and Coasts, 33, 678-687. Becker, C., Brandis, D., & Storch, V. (2011). Morphology of the Female Reproductive System of European Pea Crabs (Crustacea,
Decapoda, Brachyura, Pinnotheridae). Journal of Morphology, 272, 12-26.
Begon, M., Townsed, C.R., & Harper, J.L. (2006). Ecology from individuals to ecosystems. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Bernardo, J. (1993). Determinants of maturation in animals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 166-173.
Bonilla, S., Conde, D., Aubriot, L., & Pérez, M.C. (2005). Influence of Hidrology on Phytoplankton Species Composition and Life Strategies in a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon Periodically Connected with the Atlantic Ocean. Estuaries, 28(6), 884-895.
Bookhout, C.G., & Costlow, Jr. J.D. (1977). Larval development of Callinectes similis reared in the laboratory. Bulletin of Marine Science, 27, 704728.
Borthagaray, A.I., Clemente, J.M., Boccardi, L., Brugnoli, E., & Muniz P. (2006). Impacto potencial de invasión de Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) en la Laguna de Rocha, Uruguay. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 1(1), 57-65.
Branco, J.O., & Masunari, S. (2000). Reproductive ecology of the blue crab, Callinectes danae smith, 1869 in the Conceição lagoon system, Santa Catarina isle, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 60(1), 17-27.
Cházaro-Olvera, S., Roman-Contreras, H. Vazquez-Lopez, Peterson M.S., & Rocha-Ramirez, A. (2007). Salinity tolerance and oxygen uptake in initial developmental stages of Callinectes ratbunae contreras and Callinectes sapidus Rathbunae (Decapoda: Portunidae). International Journal of Zoological Research, 3,
-23.
Conde, D, Aubriot, L., & Sommaruga, R. (2000). Changes in UV penetration associated with marine intrusions and freshwater discharge in a shallow coastal lagoon of the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 207, 19-31.
Conde, D., Bonilla, S., Aubriot, L., de León, R., & Pintos, W. (1999). Comparison of the areal amount of chlorophyll a of planktonic and attached microalgae in a shallow coastal lagoon. Hidrobiología, 408,409, 285-291.
Correa, R.C.O., & Navarrete, J.A. (2008). Parámetros poblacionales de la jaiba azul Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1886) en la bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 43(2), 247-253.
Correa, C., & Thiel, M. (2003). Population structure and operational sex ratio in the rock shrimp Rhinchocinetes typus (Decapoda: Caridea). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 23, 849-861.
Costa, T.M., Christofoletti, R.A., & Pinheiro, M.A.A. (2010). Epibionts on Arenaeus cribrarius (Brachyura: Portunidae) from Brazil. Zoología, 27(3), 387-394.
Defeo, O., Gómez, J., & Lercari, D. (2001). Testing the swash exclusion hypothesis in sandy beach populations: the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis in Uruguay. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 212, 159-170.
Defeo, O., Horta, S., Carranza, A., Lercari, D., de Álava, A., Gómez, J… & Celentano, E. (2009). Hacia un Manejo Ecosistémico de Pesquerías. Áreas Marinas Protegidas en Uruguay. Facultad de Ciencias DINARA, Montevideo, pp. 122.
Delgado, E. (2001). Biología reproductiva en hembras del cangrejo rojo Chaceon notialis Manning y Holthuis, 1989 (Decapoda, Brachyura) del Atlántico sudoccidental. Tesis de Maestría en Biología, opción Zoología. Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias - PEDECIBA, pp. 88-95.
Delgado, E. (2007). Estrategias reproductivas en invertebrados de playas arenosas con morfodinámica contrastante. Tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, opción Zoología. Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias - PEDECIBA, pp. 1-105.
Delgado, E., & Defeo, O. (2004). Sexual maturity in females of deep-sea red crab Chaceon notialis (Brachyura, Geryonidae) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 46(1), 55-62.
Delgado, E., & Defeo, O. (2008). Reproductive plasticity in mole crabs, Emerita brasiliensis, in sandy beaches with contrasting morphodynamics. Marine Biology, (6), 1065-1074.
Diesel, R. (1991). Sperm competition and the evolution of mating behavior in brachyuran with special reference to spider crabs (Decapoda, Majidae). Crustacean Sexual Biology. Eds. R.T. Bauer y J.W. Martin Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 145-163.
Fabiano, G., & Santana, O. (2006). Las pesquerías en las lagunas costeras salobres de Uruguay. En Menafra, R.; Rodríguez-Gallego, L.; Scarabino, F.; Conde, D. (eds), Bases para la conservación y el manejo de la costa uruguaya. Vida Silvestre Uruguay, Montevideo, pp. 557-565.
Fisher, R.A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection, New York.
Fisher, M.R. (1999). Effect of temperature and salinity on size at maturity of female blue crabs. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Washington, 128(3), 499-506.
Fischer, S., & Wolff, M. (2006). Fisheries assessment of Callinectes arcuatus (Brachyura, Portunidae) in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Fisheries Research, 77, 301-311.
Forward Jr., R.B., & Cohen, J.H. (2004). Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in vertical swimming of ovigerous blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, involved in the spawning migration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 299, 255-266.
Forward, R.B., Tankersley, Jr. R.A., & Welch, J.M. (2003). Selective tidal-stream transport of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus: an overview. Bulletin of Marine Science, 72(2), 347-365.
Gage, M.J. (1995). Continuous variation in reproductive strategy as an adaptive response to population density in the moth Plodia interpunctella. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 261(1360), 25-30.
Gotelli, N.J., & Ellison, A.M. (2004). A primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusets, USA, pp. 1- 510.
Guerin, J.L., & Stickle, W.B. (1997). A comparative study of two sympatric species within the genus Callinectes: osmoregulation, long – term acclimation to salinity and the effects of salinity on growth and molting. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 218, 165 -186.
Guerrero, A., & Arana, P. (2009). Size structure and sexual maturity of the golden crab (Chaceon chilensis) exploited off Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile. Latin American Journal Aquatic Research, 37(3), 347-360.
Guillory, V., & Hein, S. (1998). An evaluation of square and hexagonal mesh blue crab traps with and without escape vent. Journal Shellfish Research, 17(2): 561-562.
Guillory, V., Perry, H., & Vanderkooy, S. (2001). The lue crab fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, United States. A regional Management Plan. Marine Fisheries Commision, pp. 1- 300.
Hammer, O., Harper, D.A.T., & Ryan, P.D. (2001). PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Educational Data Analysis. Paleontología Electrónica, 4(1), 1-9.
Hartnoll, R.G. (1968a). Mating in the Brachyura. Marine Biological Station, Port Erin, Isle of Man, Great Britain. Crustaceana, 16, 161-181.
Hartnoll, R.G. (1968b). Morphology of the genital ducts in female crabs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 47, 270-300.
Hartnoll, R.G. (1978). The determination of relative growth in Crustacea. Crustaceana, 34(3), 281-293.
Hartnoll, R.G. (2006). Reproductive investment in Brachyura. Hidrobiologia, 557, 31-40.
Hassall, M., Helden, A., Goldson, A., & Grant, A. (2005). Ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits of Armadillidium vulgare (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Oecologia, 143, 51-60.
Havens, K.J., & Mcconaugha, J.R. (1990). Molting in the mature female blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Bulletin of Marine Science, 46(1), 37-47.
Helliwel, V. (2009). Fisheries management for California Dungeness crab-adapting to change. Coastal Management, 37, 491-500.
Heukelem, W.F. (1991). Blue crab Callinectes sapidus. In: Habitat requirements for Chesapeake Bay living resources. Ed. S.L. Funderburk, J.A. Mihursky, S.J.Jordan y D. Riley. Cheseapeak Research Consortium, Inc. Maryland, pp. 1-24.
Hines, A.H., Jivoff, P.R., Bushmann, P.J., van Montfrans, J., Reed, S.A., Wolcott, D.L., & Wolcott, T.G. (2003). Evidence for sperm limitation in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Bulletin of Marine Science, 72, 287-320.
Jivoff, P. (1997). Sexual competition among male blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Biology Bulletin, 193, 368-380.
Jiménez-Rodríguez, J.G., & Montemayor-López, G. (2002). Reporte preliminar del proceso de copula y agregación de sexos para reproducción en jaiba Callinectes bellicosus en Sonora. Documento interno del Programa Pesca Ribereña. INP, CRIP-Guaymas, pp. 1- 3.
Johnson, P.T. (1980). Histology of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus. A model for the Decapoda. Praeger, New York pp. 1- 440.
Johnston, D., Harris, D., Caputi, N., & Thomson, A. (2011). Decline of a blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) fishery in Western Australia-History, contributing factors and future management strategy. Fisheries Research, 109, 119-130.
Juanicó, M., & Mañé Garzón, F. (1973). Estudio biométrico sobre poblaciones de Callinectes sapidus acutidens Rathbun, de la costa uruguaya. Trab. V. Cong. Latinoam. Zool. Montevideo, 1, 104-110.
Kendall, M.S., & Wolcott, T.G. (1999). The influence of mating history on male-male competition and female choice in mating associations in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 239, 23-32
Kendall, M.S., Wolcott, D.L., Wolcott, T.G., & Hines, A.H. (2001). The influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 230, 235-240.
Kenney, G. (2002). Annual Report on the Commercial Monitoring of the Hudson River Blue Crab Fishery. New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission. Lowell, MA. In association with New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Bureau of Marine Resources, Hudson River Fisheries Unit, New Paltz, NY, pp. 1-27.
Koga, T., Backwell, P., Christy, J.H., Murai, M., & Kasuya, E. (2001). Male-biased predation of a
fiddler crab. Animal Behavior, 62, 201-207.
Lambert, D.M., Lipcius, R. N., & Hoenig, J. M. (2006). Effectiveness of the Blue Crab Spawning Sanctuary in Chesapeake Bay. Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 391, 1-24.
Leme, M.H.A. (2005). Size at sexual maturity of female crabs Sesarma rectum Randall (Crustacea, Brachyura) and ontogenetic variations in the abdomen relative growth. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22(2), 433-437.
Lipcius, R.N., & Stockhausen, W.T. (2002). Concurrent Decline of the Spawning Stock, Recruitment, Larval Abundance, and Size of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 226, 45-61.
Litulo, C. (2005). Population biology of the fiddler crab Uca annulipes (Braquiura: Ocypodidae) in a tropical East African mangrove (Mozambique). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 62, 283-290.
Lovrich, G.A. (1997). La pesquería mixta de las centollas Lithodes santolla y Paralomis granulose (Anomura: Lithodidae) en Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Investigaciones Marinas, Valparaíso, 25, 41-57.
Medici, D.A., Wolcott, T.G., & Wolcott, D. (2006). Scaledependent movements and protection of female blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Canadian Journal Fisheries Aquatic Science, 63, 858-871.
Millikin, M.R., & Williams, A.B. (1984). Synopsis of biological data on the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, NOAA Technical Report NMFS 1, FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 138, 1-39.
Murphy, M.D., McMillen-Jackson, A.L., & Mahmoudi, B. (2007). A stock assessment for blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in Florida waters. Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, Florida, pp. 1- 90.
Nión, H., Varela, Z., & Cataldo, H. (1974). Evaluación de los recursos pesqueros en el Sistema Laguna de Castillo-Arroyo Valizas (Uruguay). CARPAS/6/74/TEC, 5, 1-19.
Oh, C.W., & Hartnoll, R.G. (1999). Size at sexual maturity, reproductive output, and seasonal reproduction of Philocheras trispinosus (Decapoda) in Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 19(2), 252-259.
Ortiz-León, H.J., Navarrete, A., & Sosa, E. (2007). Distribución espacial y temporal del cangrejo Callinectes sapidus (Decapada: Portunidae) en la Bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. Revista de Biología Tropical, 55, 235-245.
Pauly, D. (1984). Fish population dynamics in tropical waters: a manual for use with programmable calculator. ICLARM Studies and Reviews, 8, 1-325.
Pezzuto, P.R., & Sant' Ana, R. (2009). Sexual maturity of the deep-sea royal crab Chaceon ramosae Manning, Tavares y Albuquerque, 1989 (Brachyura: Geryonidae) in southern Brazil. Latine American Journal Aquatic Research, 37(3), 297-312.
Pinheiro, M.A.A., & Fransozo, A. (1993). Relative growth of the speckled swimming crab Arenaeus cribrarius (Lamarck, 1818) (Brachyura, Portunidae), near Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Crustaceana, 65, 377-389.
Ramírez, M.S., & Hernández, I. (1988). Investigación biológico-pesquera para obtención de jaiba suave Callinectes spp. en la Laguna de Alvarado, Veracruz. ENEP Iztacala, Ph. D. Tesis. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, pp. 1-97.
Ramírez-Félix, E., Singh-Cabanillas, J., Gil-López, H.A., Sarmiento-Náfate, S., Salazar, I., Montemayor, … & Castañeda, N. (2003). La pesquería de jaiba (Callinectes spp.) en el Pacífico mexicano: diagnóstico y propuesta de regulación. Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca (CONAPESCA), Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, México, pp. 1- 48.
Rasheed, S., & Mustaquim, J., 2010. Size at sexual maturity, breeding season and fecundity of three-spotsimming crab Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) (Decapada, Brachyura, Portunidae) ocurring in the coastal waters of Karachi, Pakistan. Fisheries Research, 103, 56-62.
Ripoli, L.V., Fernandez J.M., Rosa, D.M., & Araujo, C.C.V. (2007). Dinâmica populacional de Portunus spinimanus Latreille, 1819 (Crustacea, Portunidae) em um trecho litorâneo da Ilha do Frade, Vitória-ES. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 33(2), 205-212.
Rodgers, P.J., Reaka, M.L., & Hines, A.H. (2011). A comparative analysis of sperm storage and mating strategies in five species of brachyuran crabs. Marine Biology, 158, 1733-1742.
Rodrigues, M.A. (2006). Crescimiento e ciclo de mudas de Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica. Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, pp. 1-83.
Rome, M.S., Young-Williams, A.C., Davis, G.R., & Hines, A.H. (2005). Linking temperature and salinity tolerance to winter mortality of Chesapeake Bay blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 319, 129-145.
Santana, O. (1987). Análisis biométrico de Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1986) y Callinectes danae (Smith, 1869). Tesis para optar a la Licenciatura en Oceanografía Biológica, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Montevideo, pp. 1-98.
Santana, O., Fabiano, G., Ferreira, A., Latchinian, A., Alvarez, P., & Farina, B. (1989). Nuevos aportes al conocimiento del ciclo biológico y a la pesquería del cangrejo azul Callinectes sapidus. Jornadas de la Comisión Técnico Mixta del Frente Marítimo, pp. 1- 58.
Santana, O., & Fabiano, G. (1999). Medidas y mecanismos de administración de los recursos de las lagunas costeras del litoral Atlántico del Uruguay (Lagunas José Ignacio, Garzón, de Rocha y de Castillos). En Rey, M.; Amestoy, F.; Arena, G. (eds) Plan de Investigación Pesquera INAPE-PNUD URU/92/003, pp. 1-165.
Santana, O., & Fabiano, G. (2004). Sobre la abundancia y las pesquerías de camarón (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) y cangrejo azul (Callinectes sapidus) en la Laguna de Rocha: periodo 1991-2004. Avances científico técnicos para el manejo del Área protegida Laguna de Rocha. Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, pp. 1-11.
Sant'Ana, R. & Pezzuto, P.R. (2009). Sexual maturity of the deep-sea red crab Chaceon notialis Manning y Holthuis, 1989 (Brachyura: Geryonidae) in southern Brazil. Latin America Journal Aquatic Research, 37(3). 429-442.
Saona, G., Forni, F., Vizziano, D., & Norbis, W. (2003). Estructura por tallas, sexo y estadios de madurez de la corvina blanca (Micropogonias furnieri, Desmarest, 1823; Teleostei: Scianidae), captura incidental en la pesquería artesanal en Laguna de Rocha, Uruguay. Ciencias Marinas, 29(3), 315-324.
Sastry, A.N. (1983). Ecological aspects of reproduction. En: Vernberg, W. B. The biology of Crustacea: environment adaptations. New York, Academic, 8, 179- 270.
Severino-Rodrigues, E., Musiello-Fernandes, J., Moura, A.A.S, Branco, G.M.P., & Canéo, V.O.C. (2012). Biologia reproductiva de fêmeas de Callinectes danae (Decapoda, Portunidae) no complezo estuarino-lagunar de Iguape e Cananéia (SP). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 38(1), 31-41.
Sokal, R.R., & Rohlf, F.J. (1998). Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research, W.H. Freeman y Company, New York, 850 pp.
Souza, A.T., Ilarri, M.I., Campos, J., Marques, J.C., & Martins, I. (2011). Differences in the neighborhood:
Structural variations in the carapace of crabs Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Portunidae). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 95, 424-430.
Spivak, E. D., Arévalo, E., Cuesta, J. A., & González-Gordillo, J. I. (2010). Population structure and reproductive biology of the stone crab Xantho poressa (Crustacea: Decapoda: Xanthidae) in the 'Corrales de Rota' (southwestern Spain), a human-modified intertidal fishing area. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90(2), 323-334.
Sumpton, W., Gaddes, S., Mclennan, M., Campbell, M., Tonks, M., Good, N., ... & Skilleter G. (2003). Fisheries biology and assessment of the blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Queensland. Project No. 98/117, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government, pp. 1-156.
Trippel, E.A. (1995). Age at maturity as a stress indicator in fisheries. Bioscience, California, 45(11), 759-771.
Trisak, J., Soasung, H., & Wongkaew, P. (2009). Seasonal variations in catches and efforstsof a small scale swimming crab trap fishery in the Eastern Gulf of Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science Technology, 31(4), 373-380.
Turner, H.V., Wolcott, D.L., Thomas, W.G., & Hines, A.H. (2003). Post-mating behavior, intramolt growth, and onset of migration to Chesapeake Bay spawning grounds by adult female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 295, 107-130.
Underwood, A.J. (1997). Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 1- 503.
Van Engel, W.A. (1990). Development of the reproductively functional form in the male blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Bulletin of Marine Science, 46(1):13-22.
Varela, Z., & Fabiano, G. (1983). Observaciones sobre la eclosión en cautividad del cangrejo sirí (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896). Montevideo, Resumen, Comunicación, Jornadas de Ciencias Naturales, pp. 95-97.
Vazzoler, A. E. A. de M. (1996). Biología da reprodução de peixes Teleósteos: Teoría e práctica. Ed. Eduem, Maringá, pp 1-169.
Verdi, A., & Delgado, E. (2001). Aspectos de la biología de Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) en el Arroyo Valizas, Uruguay. Revista da Universidade de Guarulhos, V. VI 5, 150-157.
Verísimo, P., Bernárdez, C., González-Gurriarán, E., Freire, J., Muiño, R., & Fernández, L. (2011). Changes between consecutive broods in the fecundity of the spidercrab, Maja brachydactyla. Journal of Marine Science, 68(3), 472-478.
Williams, A. B. (1974). The swimming crabs of the genus Callinectes (Decapoda: Portunidae). Fishery Bulletin, Washington, 72(3), 685-798.
Wolcott, D. L., Hopkins, C. W. B., & Wolcott, T. G. (2005). Early events in seminal fluid and sperm storage in the female blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun: effects of male mating history, male size, and season. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 319, 43-55.
Xiao, Y., & Kumar, M. (2004). Sex ratio, and probability of sexual maturity of females at size, of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus Linneaus, off southern Australia. Fisheries Research, 68, 271-282.
Zar, J.H. (1996). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp. 1-918.
Zmora, N., Trant, J., Zohar, Y., & Chung, J. S. (2009). Molt-inhibiting hormone stimulates vitellogenesis at advanced ovarian developmental stages in the female blue crab, Callinectes sapidus I: an ovarian stage dependent involvement. Saline Systems, 5,1-7.